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Types of diseases caused by viruses

Team AckoMay 22, 2024

Viruses exist in various environments, including water, soil, and living organisms like humans, animals, and plants. Upon invading the body's cells, they replicate and can cause illness. While the immune system typically defends against viral infections, some viruses evade detection and attack host cells, leading to sickness. Understanding the diseases caused by viruses in humans is crucial for timely intervention and treatment. By recognising symptoms and seeking appropriate medical care, individuals can mitigate the impact of viral infections and prevent their spread to others. Awareness of viral diseases empowers individuals to take proactive measures for their health and well-being. This article highlights the different viral infections, their treatments, and prevention methods.

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Contents

What are viral diseases?

Viral diseases are infections caused by different viruses, which are contagious. Sometimes, such diseases can be fatal, whereas, at other times, the symptoms vanish on their own. It is imperative to note that viruses can spread through direct contact with bodily fluids, bugs, respiratory droplets, contaminated food, and water. Further, there are different types of viruses that manifest various diseases. Therefore, treatment differs according to the viral disease.

Different ways in which viruses spread

Viruses, microscopic infectious agents, depend on host organisms for their survival and propagation. They lack the cellular machinery required for independent replication and thus rely on infecting host cells to reproduce. To ensure their continued existence, viruses employ various routes of transmission, each tailored to exploit specific vulnerabilities in host defences.

One common route of transmission is through skin contact, exemplified by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which causes warts. HPV can be transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, particularly during sexual activity or through non-sexual contact. Respiratory transmission involves viruses such as those responsible for the common cold, influenza, measles, mumps, and rubella. These viruses spread through respiratory droplets expelled by infected individuals during coughing, sneezing, or talking, allowing them to enter the respiratory tract of susceptible hosts.

Faecal-oral transmission occurs when viruses present in faecal matter contaminate food, water, or surfaces that individuals subsequently ingest. Examples include Poliovirus, Echo virus, Coxsackie virus, Hepatitis A virus, and Rotavirus. Milk can serve as a vector for viruses like HIV, Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and Cytomegalovirus (CMV), which can be transmitted to infants through breast milk.

Transplacental transmission occurs when viruses cross the placental barrier from an infected mother to her foetus. Rubella virus, CMV, and HIV are examples of viruses capable of transplacental transmission, posing risks to foetal development and health. Sexual transmission involves the exchange of bodily fluids during sexual activity and can lead to infections with Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, HIV, HPV, and Hepatitis B virus.

Insect vectors such as mosquitoes play a crucial role in transmitting viruses like Yellow fever virus and Dengue virus by acting as intermediaries between infected and susceptible hosts. Additionally, viruses like Rabies virus can be transmitted through animal bites.

Viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade or subvert the host immune system, enabling their persistence and spread. Some viruses, known as opportunists, cause disease only when the host's immune defences are compromised, as seen in patients with conditions like AIDS. Opportunistic infections pose significant challenges in the management of immunocompromised individuals, highlighting the intricate interplay between viruses and the immune system in disease pathogenesis.

Types of viral disorders

Here's the rundown of some of the common diseases caused by viruses.

1. Respiratory diseases

These are common viral diseases that occur in the upper or lower respiratory tract. Such diseases are highly communicable and transmitted through droplets produced by sneezing or coughing.

Signs: Fever, runny/stuffy nose, sneeze, cough, muscle and body pain.

Examples of diseases: Common cold, flu, adenoVirus infection, SARS or severe acute respiratory syndrome, human respiratory syncytial Virus infection, and human parainfluenza Virus infection.

2. Neurologic diseases

These viral diseases affect the brain and spinal cord and can cause severe mental health problems. Such neurologic diseases are transmitted through the bite of an infected bug or animal.

Signs: Seizures, confusion, coordination problems, dizziness, and fever.

Examples: Rabies, meningitis, polio, and encephalitis.

3. Gastrointestinal diseases

These viral diseases are also known as gastroenteritis and stomach flu, and they occur inside the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. These diseases are communicable and transmitted through contaminated food or water. Also, they can spread by sharing items or utensils with the individual who has a viral infection.

Signs: Diarrhoea, stomach ache, vomiting, and dehydration.

Examples of viruses: AdenoVirus infections, noroVirus infections, astroVirus infections, and rotaVirus infections.

4. Hemorrhagic diseases

These diseases occur as a result of a damaged cardiovascular system. Some of these fevers are mild, whereas others can be severe and can affect several organs of the body. Such diseases are transmitted through the bite of an infected insect. Also, one can catch this virus after coming in contact with an infected person's bodily fluid or blood.

Signs: Fatigue, high fever, body pain, bleeding in internal organs, bleeding from the ear, mouth, or under the skin, and headache.

Examples of illness: Dengue, Marburg hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever, and yellow fever.

5. Hepatic diseases

These viral diseases, also known as viral hepatitis, cause inflammation and liver damage. Such diseases spread through bodily fluids, sexual contact, and by using objects that come in contact with blood, like razors, needles, etc. Also, viral hepatitis can spread through contaminated water or unwashed food. High intake of alcohol and some medications can also cause these diseases.

Signs: Vomiting, fever, joint pain, fatigue, stomach ache, and jaundice.

Examples of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.

6. Cutaneous diseases

This type of viral disease causes lesions or papules on the skin, which may not go easily or come back after disappearing for some time. These diseases are contagious and can be transmitted by coming in physical contact with the individual or touching the objects touched by the one who has this skin condition.

Signs: Skin rash, redness or red spots on the skin, lesions, and blisters.

Examples of such viral diseases: Molluscum contagiosum or water warts, verruca vulgaris, chickenpox, oral and genital herpes, warts, and measles.

Where do viruses reside?

Various viruses find their reservoirs in animals or plants, posing risks of transmission to humans. Influenza can originate from birds, pigs, and horses, while Rabies lurks in bats, dogs, and foxes. Lassa and Hanta viruses reside in rodents, and Ebola and Marburg viruses find hosts in monkeys. HIV-1 and -2 have origins in chimpanzees and monkeys, respectively. Understanding these reservoirs is crucial for preventing and controlling outbreaks, as they serve as sources for spillover events leading to human infections.

Viral infections and host defence

Upon encountering a virus, adaptive immunity kicks in, providing long-term defence. Humoral immunity produces specific antibodies like IgM, effective but short-lived, and IgG, providing lifelong immunity. Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells, recognising and destroying virus-infected cells. Together, these mechanisms form a robust defence against viral infections, offering both immediate and lasting protection.

How to treat and prevent viral infections

There’s no specific treatment for viral infections. However, the following ways can help treat diseases caused by the virus.

1. Treatment for respiratory viruses

These diseases usually resolve on their own. A doctor may recommend medications for cough, pain, and cold. Those with signs of flu may be advised to take an antiviral drug.

Prevention tips

Wash your hands frequently

Limit your interactions with individuals who are coughing, sneezing, or otherwise exhibiting viral symptoms

Get vaccinated to lessen the chances of getting seasonal flu

2. Treatment for neurologic viruses

There is no particular treatment for such viruses. However, infected individuals should take complete rest, increase water intake and consume over-the-counter medications for pain.

Prevention tips

Avoid close contact with the sick

Keep wild animals away from your pets

Get your pets vaccinated

3. Treatment for gastrointestinal viruses

These diseases go away on their own within 1 to 2 days. Individuals must increase the intake of fluids to restore the loss.

Prevention tips

Do not share personal items

Wash your hands often

Clean the contaminated areas

For children, it is recommended to get a vaccine for rotavirus

4. Treatment for hemorrhagic viruses

A doctor may suggest intravenous (IV) fluids to keep the right balance of electrolytes. Also, antiviral drugs may be recommended according to the individual’s case. Staying hydrated is a must for those suffering from hemorrhagic viral diseases.

Prevention tips

Use insect repellent or wear protective clothing

Take steps to keep rodents away from your place, such as sealing all cracks, openings, and holes in your house, setting traps inside your home, etc.

5. Treatment for hepatitis

Doctors advise individuals with hepatitis A and E to increase fluid intake, take complete bed rest and refrain from consuming alcohol. Signs of hepatitis B, C, and D can be managed with different medications.

Prevention tips

Get vaccinated for hepatitis A and B

Do not share razors

Engage in safe sex

6. Treatment for cutaneous viruses

Herpes can’t be cured. However, antiviral medications can help lessen the condition.

Warts naturally disappear. Also, a doctor can remove them with simple procedures.

Prevention tips

Maintain good hygiene

Do not share your personal items

Avoid or limit contact with individuals who have lesions

Viral infections epidemics and pandemics

The term "epidemic" describes the spread of a viral infection within a community, while a "pandemic" occurs when an epidemic extends to multiple countries or continents, affecting a large proportion of the global population. The 1918 flu pandemic, commonly known as the Spanish flu, was one of the deadliest pandemics in history. Caused by an unusually severe strain of influenza A virus, it disproportionately affected healthy young adults, in contrast to typical flu patterns. The Spanish flu claimed an estimated 100 million lives, representing approximately 5% of the world's population at the time.

Today, HIV/AIDS is considered a pandemic, with an estimated 38.6 million people living with the disease worldwide. HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus, weakens the immune system, leaving individuals vulnerable to opportunistic infections and other complications. While significant progress has been made in HIV treatment and prevention efforts, the disease continues to impact communities globally, particularly in regions with limited access to healthcare resources.

Efforts to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic include widespread education, access to antiretroviral therapy, and preventative measures such as condom use and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Despite these interventions, the HIV pandemic remains a significant public health challenge, underscoring the ongoing need for research, advocacy, and global collaboration in combating infectious diseases.

The crux

By now, you know there is no specific cure for most viruses. However, having a strong immune system can help fight viral diseases.

Following are some of the ways to boost your immunity.

Consuming a well-balanced, nutritious diet

Taking proper rest

Drinking an adequate amount of water

Apart from these, you must get vaccinated and take medications suggested by the doctor when needed.

Spread control of Viruses

Vaccinations have been instrumental in preventing the spread of viral diseases, with the smallpox vaccine serving as a remarkable success story, leading to its global eradication in 1980. Following in its footsteps, efforts are underway to eliminate other viral diseases like polio and measles through widespread vaccination campaigns. These vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce protective antibodies, preventing infection upon exposure to the virus.

The spread of these diseases can be effectively halted by achieving herd immunity, where a significant portion of the population is vaccinated. Continued efforts in vaccination programs hold promise for the eventual eradication or significant control of various viral diseases, benefiting public health worldwide.

Frequently asked questions

Listed below are some common questions and their answers related to viral diseases.

What are the common symptoms of a viral infection?

Some common signs of viral infection are fever, runny nose, body ache, cough, nasal congestion, and sore throat.

How long does it take to get over a virus?

Healthy individuals typically recover from fever and other symptoms in about five days. Some may still feel weak or have a cough or cold for more days. One must see a doctor if all signs do not subside within 1 to 2 weeks.

What is the best medicine for a viral infection?

Antiviral medicines can help ease symptoms and ward off the infection.

What are the symptoms of chronic virus infections?

Some commonly seen signs of chronic Virus infections include skin rashes, recurrent fevers, chronic lung infections, fatigue, frequent sore throat, and hives.

What is the difference between antivirals and antibiotics?

Antivirals are effective against some viral diseases. These drugs guard you against viral infections or spreading the disease to others. Antibiotics kill bacteria and are used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Such meds are not at all effective in treating viral diseases.

Disclaimer: The content on this page is generic and shared only for informational and explanatory purposes. Please consult a doctor before making any health-related decisions.

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Types of diseases caused by viruses

What are viral diseases?

Different ways in which viruses spread

Types of viral disorders

1. Respiratory diseases

2. Neurologic diseases

3. Gastrointestinal diseases

4. Hemorrhagic diseases

5. Hepatic diseases

6. Cutaneous diseases

Where do viruses reside?

Viral infections and host defence

How to treat and prevent viral infections

1. Treatment for respiratory viruses

Prevention tips

2. Treatment for neurologic viruses

Prevention tips

3. Treatment for gastrointestinal viruses

Prevention tips

4. Treatment for hemorrhagic viruses

Prevention tips

5. Treatment for hepatitis

Prevention tips

6. Treatment for cutaneous viruses

Prevention tips

Viral infections epidemics and pandemics

The crux

Spread control of Viruses

Frequently asked questions

Listed below are some common questions and their answers related to viral diseases.

What are the common symptoms of a viral infection?

How long does it take to get over a virus?

What is the best medicine for a viral infection?

What are the symptoms of chronic virus infections?

What is the difference between antivirals and antibiotics?

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