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Overview of Vitamin B5 Deficiency: Symptoms, causes, and risk factors

Dr. Ajay KohliDec 12, 2024

Vitamins are organic substances needed for the normal growth, development, and function of cells. There are 13 essential vitamins. Vitamin B5, or Pantothenic acid, is one among 8 B-complex vitamins. The purpose of the B vitamins is to convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose) which the body utilises to produce energy. B-complex vitamins are responsible for maintaining healthy eyes, skin, hair, and liver. They also help in the smooth functioning of the nervous system. Thus, vitamin deficiency can cause problems. Read ahead for an overview of Vitamin B5 Deficiency.

Contents

What Is Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)?
Sources of Vitamin B5
Health Uses of Vitamin B5
Deficiency of Vitamin B5
Symptoms of Vitamin B5 Deficiency
Causes of Vitamin B5 Deficiency
Who Needs Vitamin B5 the Most?
Risk Factors For Vitamin B5 Deficiency
Myths and Misconceptions about Vitamin B5
Key Strategies for Vitamin B5 Deficiency
Treatment and Management of Vitamin B5 Deficiency

What Is Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)?

Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in converting food into energy. It helps produce red blood cells and synthesises coenzyme A, which is essential for fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism. Vitamin B5 also supports the health of the skin, eyes, liver, and nervous system. As it is widely available in food, deficiency is rare but can occur in cases of malnutrition or certain medical conditions. It is important for hormone production, particularly those involved in stress response, and aids in the synthesis of steroid hormones.

Sources of Vitamin B5

Vitamin B5 is found in a wide variety of foods, making it easy to obtain from a balanced diet. Good sources include:

Meat (especially organ meats like liver)
Poultry
Fish
Whole grains (such as oats and brown rice)
Eggs
Legumes

Other sources include avocados, mushrooms, and potatoes. Fortified cereals also contribute to the intake of this essential vitamin. Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, B5 is water-soluble, and cooking methods like boiling or steaming can cause some nutrient loss, so consuming raw or lightly cooked foods is ideal

Health Uses of Vitamin B5

Vitamin B5 plays a crucial role in various health benefits. Let’s look at some of them below:

1. Energy Production Support

Vitamin B5 is essential for converting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into energy. It does this by aiding the synthesis of coenzyme A, which is pivotal in breaking down these nutrients to fuel bodily functions.

2. Metabolism of Fats and Carbohydrates

By helping to produce coenzyme A, Vitamin B5 ensures efficient metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. This is crucial for maintaining overall energy balance and supporting bodily functions that rely on these macronutrients.

3. Skin Health Benefits

Vitamin B5 contributes to a healthier complexion by regulating oil production in the skin, which can help prevent acne. It also promotes overall skin health, ensuring a smoother, clearer appearance.

4. Immune System Support

This vitamin strengthens the immune system, making it more effective at fighting off infections and illnesses. Its anti-inflammatory properties further enhance this role.

5. Wound Healing Improvement

Vitamin B5 aids in wound healing by supporting the body’s repair mechanisms. It accelerates the regeneration of damaged tissue and reduces the chances of infection.

6. Cholesterol Management

Emerging evidence suggests that Vitamin B5 can help regulate cholesterol levels, potentially lowering bad cholesterol (LDL) and supporting cardiovascular health.

7. Stress Reduction

Vitamin B5 reduces stress by influencing the production of stress-related hormones. Its role in energy production also helps combat fatigue, a common stress symptom.

Deficiency of Vitamin B5

When it comes to vitamin B5, the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adults above the age of 19 years is 5mg daily. For pregnant and lactating women, the dose increases to 6mg and 7mg daily, respectively. As pantothenic acid is found in almost all foods, it's very unlikely for a person to be deficient in this vitamin. Its deficiency is rarely seen, except for people who have other nutrition deficiencies in cases of malnutrition. Another factor that leads to its deficiency is genetic mutations that prevent the synthesis of pantothenic acid.

Symptoms of Vitamin B5 Deficiency

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin B5 include the following:

Headache
Nausea and vomiting
Fatigue
Stomach Cramps
Irritability and restlessness
Numbness or burning sensation in hands and feet
Disturbed sleep
Muscle cramps
Depression
Respiratory infections

Causes of Vitamin B5 Deficiency

Vitamin B5 deficiency is known as hypovitaminosis B5. It occurs under rare conditions of extreme, life-threatening malnutrition cases, as it is present virtually in all foods. Some gastrointestinal diseases can also cause a deficiency of this vitamin as well as intake of pantothenic acid antagonists (antivitamins), such as omega-methyl pantothenic acid. Other than these reasons, certain genetic mutations are also responsible for a loss of function in the synthesis of pantothenic acid. In cases of deficiency, vitamin B5 may be taken orally. For those individuals who cannot eat on their own, pantothenic acid may be given through an intravenous tube or a feeding tube.

In summary, the five categories listed below can be used to group potential causes of vitamin B5 deficiency:

1. Low intake

An imbalanced or heavily restricted diet
Food preparation (due to excessive heating)

2. Increased requirements

Pregnancy and lactation
Age
Stress
Alcohol consumption

3. Reduced absorption or uptake by the body

Due to bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease or Celiac disease

4. Increased excretion

Diabetes mellitus
Hemodialysis

5. Interaction with medications

Antacids, oral contraceptives, cytostatics

Who Needs Vitamin B5 the Most?

Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid, is essential for converting food into energy, synthesising hormones, and maintaining healthy skin, hair, and the nervous system. While deficiency is rare due to its abundance of food, certain groups have higher needs or may be at risk of deficiency due to their specific physiological demands or conditions. This includes:

1. Pregnant Women

During pregnancy, the body's demand for essential nutrients like Vitamin B5 increases significantly to support foetal development. This vitamin plays a crucial role in synthesising coenzyme A, which is vital for energy production and forming fatty acids necessary for both mother and baby. Ensuring sufficient Vitamin B5 intake helps combat fatigue and supports the overall metabolic demands of pregnancy.

2. Lactating Mothers

Lactation also increases the need for nutrients, including Vitamin B5. Mothers who breastfeed transfer a significant portion of their nutrient intake to their infants, which can deplete their reserves. Vitamin B5 contributes to energy metabolism and milk production, making its adequate intake essential during this period.

3. Athletes and Active Individuals

Athletes and those engaged in high levels of physical activity require more Vitamin B5 to sustain their energy needs. This vitamin is important for metabolising fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, the primary energy sources during intense exercise. It also supports muscle recovery and reduces fatigue.

4. Individuals Under Chronic Stress

Stress significantly impacts the body's nutrient requirements, particularly Vitamin B5. This vitamin is instrumental in producing stress-related hormones like cortisol, which are synthesised in the adrenal glands. Chronic stress can deplete Vitamin B5 levels, making supplementation or a nutrient-rich diet particularly important for individuals experiencing ongoing mental or physical stress.

Other At-Risk Groups

People with Malabsorption Issues: Conditions like Crohn's disease or coeliac disease may hinder the absorption of Vitamin B5 from food.
Older Adults: Ageing can reduce the efficiency of nutrient absorption, necessitating a focus on Vitamin B5-rich foods or supplements.
Chronic Alcoholics: Alcohol can interfere with nutrient absorption, increasing the risk of deficiency.

Risk Factors For Vitamin B5 Deficiency

The deficiency of vitamin B5 does not occur in isolation but is coupled with deficiencies of other B-complex vitamins. The group of people who are at risk of developing this deficiency includes the following:

Women on oral contraceptives
Alcoholics
People with insufficient food intake (e.g., elderly, post-operative)
People with impaired absorption

Myths and Misconceptions about Vitamin B5

Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, plays a vital role in energy metabolism and maintaining skin health. However, there are several myths surrounding its necessity and use. Here are some common misconceptions and the truth behind them:

Myth 1: Everyone Needs Vitamin B5 Supplements

Reality: A well-balanced diet provides sufficient amounts of vitamin B5 for most individuals. This nutrient is widely available in both plant- and animal-based foods, including fortified cereals, mushrooms, avocados, and dairy products. The National Institutes of Health highlights that deficiencies are extremely rare, and supplements are typically unnecessary unless an individual has a specific medical condition that limits nutrient absorption, such as inflammatory bowel disease or prolonged intravenous feeding.

Myth 2: More Vitamin B5 Equals Better Health

Reality: Consuming large doses of vitamin B5 does not enhance its benefits. The body only needs the recommended daily allowance, and excess amounts are excreted, as B5 is water-soluble. Contrary to popular belief, taking extra B5 will not provide an energy boost or improve skin health beyond what a nutritious diet can achieve.

Myth 3: Vitamin B5 is Hard to Obtain from Food

Reality: A common misconception is that obtaining enough B5 requires a restrictive diet or supplementation. In truth, pantothenic acid is "ubiquitous" in the food supply, making deficiencies highly unlikely in individuals with access to varied and nutritious foods. This abundance makes supplementation redundant for most healthy people.

Myth 4: Synthetic B5 is Less Effective than Natural Sources

Reality: Some believe that synthetic vitamins are less effective or inferior to natural sources. However, research confirms that the body cannot distinguish between the two. Both forms are equally effective in fulfilling nutritional needs.

Myth 5: B5 Supplements Prevent or Cure Skin Problems

Reality: While vitamin B5 is marketed in some skincare products, there is limited evidence to support its effectiveness as a standalone treatment for conditions like acne or dryness. Maintaining skin health typically requires a holistic approach, including hydration, sun protection, and a balanced diet.

Key Strategies for Vitamin B5 Deficiency

To prevent vitamin B5 deficiency, focusing on a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle supporting nutrient absorption is essential. Here are some key strategies to ensure you're meeting your body's needs:

1. Incorporate B5-rich foods into your diet

Foods that are high in vitamin B5 include avocados, eggs, sweet potatoes, fish, chicken, mushrooms, and whole grains like oats and brown rice. These foods should be regularly included in meals to help maintain optimal levels of vitamin B5. Nutrient-dense snacks, like nuts and seeds, are also good options.

2. Avoid excessive alcohol consumption

Alcohol can deplete your body of vitamin B5 and other essential nutrients. This depletion is especially significant in individuals who drink heavily. If you consume alcohol, it's important to do so in moderation and to ensure that your diet compensates for potential deficiencies.

3. Manage stress levels

Chronic stress can increase the body's need for vitamin B5, which plays a role in the production of adrenal hormones. Stress management techniques like meditation, yoga, and regular physical activity can help reduce the impact of stress on your body's vitamin B5 requirements.

4. Consider supplementation only when necessary

While a balanced diet should provide most people with sufficient vitamin B5, those at higher risk for deficiency, such as pregnant or lactating women, athletes, and individuals with certain medical conditions, might benefit from supplements. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting supplements.

Focusing on these simple lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of vitamin B5 deficiency and support overall health.

Treatment and Management of Vitamin B5 Deficiency

If pantothenic acid is deficient in the body, a diet rich in meat, vegetables, eggs, milk, cereal grains, and legumes should be consumed. All these food items are rich sources of vitamin B5.

Food items should be consumed in their fresh form rather than in processed form such as canning, milling, and freezing. Boiling food should be avoided as vitamin B5 is water-soluble and its content is lost in food that is boiled. As a supplement, vitamin B5 can also be taken along with other B-complex vitamin formulations.

Here’s a list of common queries and their resolutions regarding Vitamin B5 Deficiency.

Does vitamin B5 help in acne and pimple treatment?

Yes, vitamin B5 helps in acne and pimple treatment by decreasing oil production and secretion. Using coenzyme A (CoA) metabolism, pantothenic acid breaks down sebum inside the skin’s oil glands. In addition to this, the vitamin is also responsible for enhancing epidermal barrier performance, thereby reducing acne and pimple production.

Is it safe to consume pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)?

Oral supplements of this vitamin are safe to consume orally as it is well accepted by the body. Being a water-soluble vitamin, pantothenic acid will not cause an overdose as the urinary tract system will filter and remove the excess quantity. However, it is advisable to consult your doctor before taking any oral supplements if you are already taking some drugs that might interact with it.

What are the side effects or contraindications of taking vitamin B5?

Even though a hazardous level at increased amounts is not seen, it is seen that doses above 10 gm per day may cause stomach upset or mild diarrhoea.

What are the best sources of Vitamin B5?

Best sources of vitamin B5 include beef liver, sunflower seeds, mushroom, and trout fish. Other good sources are root vegetables, tomatoes, fortified cereals, broccoli, and whole grains. However, it should be noted that cooking may destroy some vitamin B5. There are also certain foods like vinegar and baking powder that might interfere with the uptake of this vitamin.

What is the daily recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin B5?

According to the daily recommended dietary allowance (RDA), the daily intake of vitamin B5 by adult men and women who are 19 years or older, should be 5mg. This dosage increases under certain special conditions such as in pregnant and lactating women, who require 6mg and 7 mg daily, respectively.

Which are the best sources of Vitamin B5?

The best sources of vitamin B5 are food items such as eggs, milk, vegetables, brewer’s yeast, organ meat (liver, brain, kidney, heart), wholegrain cereals, and legumes.

What are the important functions of vitamin B5?

Just like all B vitamins, Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is also water soluble, meaning that the body does not store it. Vitamin B5 plays a crucial role in the production of red blood cells and hormones related to stress, which are manufactured in the adrenal glands. Another important function of vitamin B5 is to maintain a healthy digestive tract and aid the body in taking up other vitamins such as Riboflavin (Vitamin B2). Other than these functions, pantothenic acid is needed for the synthesis of cholesterol and coenzyme A (CoA). CoA is a chemical compound that helps enzymes to build and break down fatty acids.

Disclaimer: The content on this page is generic and shared only for informational and explanatory purposes. Please consult a doctor before making any health-related decisions.